Rhythms and Wave Propagation in the Heart

In this thesis, we study heart rhythms at different levels, from single cells to the entire human atria. The main project of this thesis is the development of a realistic and efficient model of wave propagation in the human atria. We start by studying paced single cells and their loss of 1:1 rhythmicity for increasing frequency. We go on to study wave propagation in tissue with special electrophysiologic properties, related to chronical disease of the atria. Then we treat ionic models, which are a central part of our atrial model. We discuss a recently discovered mathematical degeneracy present in all models of cardiac cells that include intracellular ion concentrations and we explain why this degeneracy has only a negligible effect on wave propagation. We develop a method to reduce the complexity of ionic models while closely retaining their wave propagation properties. Then we apply this method to a realistic ionic model of the human atria and combine it with anatomical data to get the desired model. We use this model to explore possible mechanisms for the genesis of arrhythmias.